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Leopold Godowsky (13 February 1870 – 21 November 1938) was a Polish American pianist, composer, and teacher. One of the most highly regarded performers of his time, he became known for his theories concerning the application of relaxed weight and economy of motion in piano playing, principles later propagated by Godowsky's pupils, such as Heinrich Neuhaus. Ferruccio Busoni said that he and Godowsky were the only composers to have added anything of significance to keyboard writing since Franz Liszt. As a composer, Godowsky is best known for his transcriptions of works by other composers. His best known work in the field is ''53 Studies on Chopin's Études'' (1894–1914).〔Hopkins, Grove.〕 ==Life== Leopold Godowsky was born to parents of Jewish ancestry,〔John Gillespie, Anna Gillespie. 1995. ''Notable twentieth-century pianists: a bio-critical sourcebook'', Greenwood Press, p. 321.〕 Anna and Matthew Godowsky, in Žasliai in what was then Russian territory but is now part of Lithuania. Godowsky's father, a respected physician, died when he was a child, and he was raised by his mother and foster-parents, Louis and Minna Passinock, in Vilnius.〔Nicholas, Jeremy. (Leopold Godowsky (1870–1938) )〕 His talent manifested itself very early, and by age five Godowsky was already composing and becoming proficient on both piano and violin. He gave his first concert at age nine, and toured throughout Lithuania and East Prussia soon afterwards.〔 Although he received a few lessons in his childhood, Godowsky was almost completely self-taught. After briefly studying under Ernst Rudorff at the Königliche Hochschule für Musik in Berlin he left for the United States, where he made his first concert appearance in Boston in 1884.〔 In 1885–86 Godowsky continued his American career, first playing at the New York Casino, and then, in 1886, embarking on a large tour of north-eastern USA and Canada with violinist Ovide Musin. In 1887 he returned to Europe and gave numerous recitals in Paris and London, eventually becoming a protégé and friend of Camille Saint-Saëns. In 1890 he returned to the United States and began a pedagogical career by joining the staff of the New York College of Music.〔 On 30 April 1891 Godowsky married Frieda Saxe, a childhood friend.〔Nicholas 1989, p. 32.〕 In 1891–93 he held a teaching position at the Gilbert Raynolds Combs's Broad Street Conservatory in Philadelphia, and then settled in Chicago, where he taught at the Chicago Conservatory.〔 By the late 1890s Godowsky was extremely well known in North America. Together with Teresa Carreño, Godowsky was the first pianist to teach the principle of ''weight release'' as distinct from purely muscular momentum; also during the same decade, the first of Godowsky's studies on Chopin études were composed and published, later to become part of a large series, one of Godowsky's most famous works.〔〔 In 1897–98 Godowsky further cemented his fame by giving a series of eight concerts surveying the entire 19th century repertoire.〔 A particularly successful concert at the Beethoven Hall in Berlin, on 6 December 1900, enhanced Godowsky's reputation greatly. He moved to Berlin, again dividing his time between performing and teaching, and giving a concert tour every year. In 1909 he took over Busoni's master classes at the Vienna Academy of Music, where he continued to teach until 1914. Between 1912 and 1914 Godowsky gave several concerts in the United States, and also made his first gramophone records there.〔 In 1914 the outbreak of World War I drove him away from Europe and he went back to the United States, where he lived in New York (1914–16), Los Angeles (1916–19), and Seattle (1919–22), before returning to New York. Much of the 1920s was spent touring around the world; apart from concert appearances in Europe and the United States, Godowsky also gave extensive tours of South America and East Asia.〔 Also during the 1920s he recorded many rolls for the Duo-Art reproducing pianos, the only reproducing piano mechanism which was available in concert grand Steinways. Godowsky also recorded a large number of piano rolls for the American Piano Company. However, while Godowsky's career prospered, his personal life slowly started falling apart. His wife Friede fell seriously ill in 1924 and her health continued deteriorating ever since. In 1928 Godowsky's son Gordon abandoned his studies and married a vaudeville dancer, causing his father to disown him. After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 Godowsky's financial situation worsened. A string of recordings the pianist began in London in 1928, as well as public concerts, would have remedied the problem, however, both activities were cut short by an unexpected disaster: during a recording session on 17 June 1930, just after completing Chopin's E major Scherzo,〔 the pianist suffered a severe stroke which left him partially paralysed. Godowsky's remaining years were overshadowed by the event, leaving him deeply depressed.〔 In December 1932 Gordon Godowsky committed suicide, and a year later Godowsky's wife died of a heart attack. The pianist eventually moved to another apartment in New York together with his daughter Dagmar; he continued playing piano for friends and admirers, but never gave public performances. In his last years, Godowsky put much effort into organizing a ''World Synod of Music and Musicians'' and an ''International Council of Music and Musicians'', but neither project materialized. After spending much of 1937 and 1938 suffering from various health problems, Godowsky died of stomach cancer on 21 November 1938, at the age of 68.〔 He was survived by his son Leopold Godowsky, Jr., the co-inventor (with Leopold Mannes) of Kodachrome photo transparency film, as well as a violinist. Leopold Jr. married George Gershwin's younger sister, Frances, thus continuing the musical line. His daughter, the actress Dagmar Godowsky (1896–1975), also outlived him. During the 1920s she appeared as a co-lead in various Hollywood silent movies, including some with Rudolph Valentino. She was a popular socialite, and wrote a humorous autobiography ''First Person Plural'' (New York, 1958). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Leopold Godowsky」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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